Havana.– An outbreak of cholera in eastern Cuba has killed three people, but the latest reports say the toll number is nearly fifteen. However, the health authorities have not confirmed that number yet.
According to health workers, 53 people have been identified with the illness in the coastal town of Manzanillo. In a statement published in the official newspaper Granma, Cuba's ministry of public health said the three fatalities were elderly people aged 66, 70 and 95.
The province most affected by these illnesses was Granma and
specifically the city of Manzanillo, which saw “an outbreak of
gastrointestinal infection due to bacteria in the water from several
polluted wells used for the local supply of drinking water,” the
ministry said.
Cholera outbreaks have been rare in Cuba
since the 1959 revolution and the creation of a national health system
by the communist government.
From: Dominican Republic, NEVER FORGOTTEN, NEVER FORSAKEN!
don't blame it on the haitians now.
Written by: Atabey, 7 Jul 2012 9:50 PM
From: United States, NYC
7 July 2012 Last updated at 21:04 ET
Cuban cholera outbreak reaches Havana
The BBC has learned that a patient has been diagnosed with cholera in the Cuban capital, Havana, days after three people died in a rare outbreak in the south-eastern town of Manzanillo.
More than 50 people were infected and about 1,000 have received medical attention.
The authorities say the outbreak is under control but four hospitals are prepared to isolate patients.
They say people became ill after drinking water from contaminated wells.
But it is not clear what the source of the cholera is.
Haiti link
Most of the cases were in Cuba's south-eastern Granma province, more than 750km (470 miles) from Havana.
Hundreds of medical professionals from that area, including nurses, have worked and continue to work with patients in Haiti, where tens of thousands of people were infected after a devastating earthquake in 2010.
But the BBC's Sarah Rainsford says that for over a week doc
Written by: Atabey, 7 Jul 2012 9:51 PM
From: United States, NYC
But the BBC's Sarah Rainsford says that for over a week doctors in Havana have been doing the rounds of their patients, checking for symptoms of cholera.
The infirm, elderly and pregnant have been prioritised.
Now tests on a 60-year-old woman, admitted to hospital on Wednesday, have confirmed that she has the disease.
As she was diagnosed early, doctors say she is in a stable condition.
Health officials said they had "all the necessary resources to provide adequate attention to patients."
They said they had taken a series of measures, including taking samples of water and adding chlorine to purify it, to combat the outbreak.
Cholera is a bacterial infection that can cause severe diarrhoea and dehydration.
The Health Ministry said the last reported cholera outbreak on the island was soon after the 1959 Revolution.
Written by: josean, 8 Jul 2012 1:49 AM
From: United States, Fighting the Dictatorship of the Narco PLD Mafia; Guillermo Moreno President 2016
Let the Cubans worry about the Cubans they have an excellent well organized health care system!
This OUR concern!
7 July 2012
"Dominican Republic falls behind in vaccinations"
"Countries of Central America that are below the Dominican Republic economically of were ahead in coverage"
Another example of how the PURPLE Economic Miracle workers have failed to distribute fundamental health care to the Dominican Masses while building, YOU GO IT, a USELESS METRO!!
Written by: ALTAGRACIA ORTIZ
The President of the Latin American Pediatric Infectology believes that Dominican Republic is behind in regard to vaccination and that you must upgrade the number of immunizations that save lives.
continued:
Written by: josean, 8 Jul 2012 1:51 AM
From: United States, Fighting the Dictatorship of the Narco PLD Mafia; Guillermo Moreno President 2016
Doctor José Brea Castle said the country was delayed to protect the population of rotavirus that cause vomiting and diarrhea, a vaccine that will save thousands of children. The President of the Latin American of Infectology Pediatric, doctor José Brea Castle, yesterday warned the authorities that the Dominican Republic is delayed in immunization and coverage.
However, he valued that the country has decided, without any study, in favor of the vaccine against rotavirus, a biological that has save thousands of children from death, to form part of the Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI).
The pediatrician, who now heads the international entity, said it was regrettable that Central American countries with economic values below the Dominican Republic, introduced this vaccine at least three years ahead of the Dominicans.
continued:
Written by: josean, 8 Jul 2012 1:53 AM
From: United States, Fighting the Dictatorship of the Narco PLD Mafia; Guillermo Moreno President 2016
"We must be self-critical and admit that we are BEHIND, but we also need the country to expand the amount of vaccines that save lives in children", said Brea del Castillo.
He insisted that although the country has come late to introduce rotavirus vaccine, that fact will impact greatly morbidity and mortality in children under five.
Another impact will be on the decline in queries and hospital admissions.
Currently, authorities reported up to 91% on vaccination coverage, but experts reckon that it is difficult to establish the real coverage.
However, at the international level it is estimated that the country has does not have good vaccination coverage among children.
It was considered important to review actual vaccination coverage, to get a plan and in this way to improve what exists.
The country has coverage of diseases of highest incidence and mortality, such as the pentavalent, covering at least five diseases.
continued:
Written by: josean, 8 Jul 2012 1:54 AM
From: United States, Fighting the Dictatorship of the Narco PLD Mafia; Guillermo Moreno President 2016
In the country it is necessary to increase the coverage and the amount of vaccines for diseases; he spoke of the case of the pneumococcus, a condition that creates the meningitis and otitis media.
Most countries have similar quantities in the public sector that are managed in the private sector, he noted.
hoy.com.do/el-pais/2012/7/7/436011/RD-se-atrasa-en-aplicar-proteccion-de-vacunas
Written by: josean, 8 Jul 2012 1:57 AM
From: United States, Fighting the Dictatorship of the Narco PLD Mafia; Guillermo Moreno President 2016
I guess the only thing we have falling behind on is CORRUPTION!
Written by: Rainman, 10 Jul 2012 12:54 PM
From: United States
Josean where do you come off saying that Cuba has a well organized health system?
you are such an ignorant regarding Cuba.
Do you know the last time there was Cholera in Cuba was in the 1800's ? Do you know there are two different health care systems in the island one for the people and one for the tourist and political elite. Do you know the doctors give you a prescription and you cant fill them in the local pharmacy but you can go to one that you pay in dollars and you may be able to get the medicine?
Do you know that the government sells the medicine donated to them by the international NGOs?
You are defending a system that is oppressive, unfair and not as you want people to see it. Get informed or just try living as a typical cuban for a month with only $20.00 and then tell me how good a system is .
Written by: Atabey, 10 Jul 2012 3:18 PM
From: United States, NYC
Rainman,
The cure for all these Dominican leftist is a long "vacation" in the Socialist paradise. Let them live as Cubans do for a year or two, and all their so-called leftist credentials will be long gone before they come back home.
Josean has no practical understanding of what goes on in Cuba. Es un Comunista de patio. LOL
Written by: josean, 10 Jul 2012 8:33 PM
From: United States, Fighting the Dictatorship of the Narco PLD Mafia; Guillermo Moreno President 2016
Josean where do you come off saying that Cuba has a well organized health system?
Compared to the Dominican System which was my point to Sabelo-odo Atabey Absolutely!!
Facts are terrible things especially to those that have agendas or want to distort the reality!
The Cuban government operates a national health system and assumes fiscal and administrative responsibility for the health care of all its citizens. There are no private hospitals or clinics as all health services are government-run. The present Minister for Public Health is Roberto Morales Ojeda.
continued:
Written by: josean, 10 Jul 2012 8:34 PM
From: United States, Fighting the Dictatorship of the Narco PLD Mafia; Guillermo Moreno President 2016
An overall improvement in terms of disease and infant mortality rates was observed in the 1960s. AIDS is only one-sixth as common on a per-capita basis as in the United States. Like the rest of the Cuban economy, Cuban medical care suffered following the end of Soviet subsidies in 1991; the stepping up of the US embargo against Cuba at this time also had an effect. Cuba has one of the highest life expectancy rates in the region, with the average citizen living to 77.7 years old (in comparison to the United States' 77.4 years).
In 2007, Cuba announced that it has undertaken computerizing and creating national networks in Blood Banks, Nephrology and Medical Images.
CUBA IS THE SECOND COUNTRY IN THE WORLD WITH SUCH A PRODUCT, ONLY PRECEDED BY FRANCE.
continued:
Written by: josean, 10 Jul 2012 8:36 PM
From: United States, Fighting the Dictatorship of the Narco PLD Mafia; Guillermo Moreno President 2016
Cuba is preparing a Computerized Health Register, Hospital Management System, Primary Health Care, Academic Affairs, Medical Genetic Projects, Neurosciences, and Educational Software. The aim is to maintain quality health service free for the Cuban people, increase exchange among experts and boost research-development projects. An important link in wiring process is to guarantee access to Cuba's Data Transmission Network and Health Website (INFOMED) to all units and workers of the national health system.
Wikipedia.com.org
Cuba
Total population 11,204,000
Gross national income per capita (PPP international $) not available
Life expectancy at birth m/f (years) 76/80
Probability of dying under five (per 1 000 live births) 6
Probability of dying between 15 and 60 years m/f (per 1 000 population) 120/78
Total expenditure on health per capita (Intl $, 2009) 503
Total expenditure on health as % of GDP (2009) 11.8
continued:
Written by: josean, 10 Jul 2012 8:39 PM
From: United States, Fighting the Dictatorship of the Narco PLD Mafia; Guillermo Moreno President 2016
Dominican Republic
Total population 10,090,000
Gross national income per capita (PPP international $) 7,800
Life expectancy at birth m/f (years) 71/72
Probability of dying under five (per 1 000 live births) 32
Probability of dying between 15 and 60 years m/f (per 1 000 population) 172/149
Total expenditure on health per capita (Intl $, 2009) 495
Total expenditure on health as % of GDP (2009) 5.9
who.int/countries/cub/en/
Facts have no ideology other than those that are Rectally Produced or Distorted by Atabey!
Written by: josean, 11 Jul 2012 10:48 AM
From: United States, Fighting the Dictatorship of the Narco PLD Mafia; Guillermo Moreno President 2016
Sir,
I am Dominican and the biggest problem we have is not recognizing our deficiencies and becoming defense when one of our own or God Forbid (just an expresion Roy) others point them out. Many of my countrymen and women prefer to have the heads buried in the sands of narrow nationalism not realizing that the first step to solving a problem is to recognize you have one.
To go it jingoistic flag waving and say everything is fine or we are doing better because others are doing worse is regressive and leads to a FOOL’S progress.
I agree my country is a beautiful (thank you for that) with EXTREMELY UGLY rulers!
Written by: Atabey, 12 Jul 2012 11:12 AM
From: United States, NYC
If you want to know about the Cuban Health system check out:
FINLAY ALBARRAN
MEDICAL INSTITUTE
Health and Health Care In Cuba:
The Transition from Socialism to the Future
Antonio Maria de Gordon
Executive Summary
Introduction and Historical Background
The Cuban health system
Health care priorities during the transition.
Notes and References
Josean is a terrible source of information. Josean, why don't you take a vacation to your paradise of socialism? Say a good two years living in the comfort of the average Cuban should open up your eyes. LOL
Written by: josean, 12 Jul 2012 11:42 AM
From: United States, Fighting the Dictatorship of the Narco PLD Mafia; Guillermo Moreno President 2016
Give my Thanks to the Hatian People!
Now if only we Fired him as Well!
From: United States, Brooklyn
I'll bet anything that the cholera was set up on Cuba by a Haitian.
Written by: Rainman, 13 Jul 2012 12:35 PM
From: United States
Josean:
When was the last time you visited Cuba? When was the last time you met a real cuban the ones that are not part of the political elite? The ones that have to actually use the so called free health system? You have no idea about Cuba and its people you are just repeating what you are fed by the regime's propaganda machine but you have absolutely no idea what you are talking about.
Written by: josean, 13 Jul 2012 1:00 PM
From: United States, Fighting the Dictatorship of the Narco PLD Mafia; Guillermo Moreno President 2016
I have NEWS for you, we are ALL FED by the diffrent "regime's propaganda machines," this difference is how we choose to digest it!
Written by: josean, 13 Jul 2012 1:02 PM
From: United States, Fighting the Dictatorship of the Narco PLD Mafia; Guillermo Moreno President 2016
BREAKINGNEWS……………………………
The Cuban Embargo is on its Death Bed!
“The first direct goods shipped in 50 years Arrived in Havana from Miami”
Read the rest at:
Llegó a La Habana primer barco de mercancías directo desde Miami en 50 años
Noticiassin.com/2012/07/llego-a-la-habana-primer-barco-de-mercancias-directo-desde-miami-en-50-anos/
Written by: Atabey, 14 Jul 2012 11:23 AM
From: United States, NYC
Las autoridades cubanas reconocen casi el triple de casos de cólera
Redacción
BBC Mundo
Hace 46 min
Muchos médicos cubanos trabajaron contra el cólera en Haití.
El gobierno cubano admitió la existencia de 158 casos de cólera en la isla, casi tres veces más que la anterior cifra oficial.
En una nota informativa divulgada por el Ministerio de Salud Pública a través del diario oficialista Granma, se aseguró que "hasta el momento, existen un total de 158 personas que a partir de la valoración clínica, epidemiológica y por cultivo de laboratorio, se le ha confirmado la presencia del Vibrio Cholerae O1 Tor enterotoxigénico, serotipo Ogawa".
Cuba combate el cólera en silencio
Informar en tiempos del cólera
En el mismo comunicado, las autoridades señalan que "no han ocurrido nuevos fallecidos, manteniéndose la cifra de tres adultos como se había informado".
Las autoridades señalan que el brote está disminuyendo, aunque indican que se diagnosticaron casos fuer
Written by: Atabey, 14 Jul 2012 11:24 AM
From: United States, NYC
Las autoridades señalan que el brote está disminuyendo, aunque indican que se diagnosticaron casos fuera de Manzanillo, lugar de origen del brote.
Casos en otros lugares
"Como resultado del sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica sobre enfermedades diarreicas agudas propias del verano, se han diagnosticado casos aislados en otras regiones del país, de personas que se infectaron en Manzanillo"
Ministerio de Salud Pública de Cuba
"Como resultado del sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica sobre enfermedades diarreicas agudas propias del verano, se han diagnosticado casos aislados en otras regiones del país, de personas que se infectaron en Manzanillo", apunta el comunicado.
El asesor de la OPS en Cuba, Jorge Hadad, dijo recientemente a BBC Mundo que La Habana no ha solicitado asistencia para combatir la enfermedad y agregó que a su juicio el país "tiene la formación técnica, la experiencia y los recursos para combatirlo".
Written by: Atabey, 14 Jul 2012 11:29 AM
From: United States, NYC
Según el especialista, entrevistado por el corresponsal de BBC Mundo en La Habana, Fernando Ravsberg, el cólera podría haber llegado "desde Haití, República Dominicana o África, lugares desde donde hay gran trasiego de viajeros". Sin embargo, afirma que es necesario estudiar cómo se contaminaron entonces las fuentes de agua.
La última epidemia de la enfermedad en la isla se remonta a fines del Siglo XIX."
As you can see, the Cuban authorities HAVE FINALLY come around to admitting that the problem was real and had spread beyond the infection point near Manzanillo, Cuba. Of course, the Cubans are trying to distance themselves from being the responsible party alleging without scientific basis that the Cholera was either transmitted to Cuba from Haiti, DR or the continent of Africa. Could the terrible state of infrastructure and poor water maintenance in Cuba have anything to do with the development of Cholera in Cuba?
Written by: Atabey, 14 Jul 2012 11:40 AM
From: United States, NYC
".. en el país (Cuba) hay problemas con la recogida de la basura, las filtraciones en los acueductos que contaminan el agua potable y por doquier hay cloacas con salideros.
Todo esto multiplicado por un clima tropical y húmedo, que es un excelente caldo de cultivo para microorganismos."
"Mientras la información oficial indica que "han sido identificados diferentes gérmenes, precisándose el diagnóstico del Vibrio Cholerae" en 85 de ellos, los críticos al gobierno se preguntan por qué la información de la enfermedad se conoce a cuentagotas.
No es la primera vez que se limitan los detalles con respecto a un brote. En los años 90, el entonces vicepresidente Carlos Lage confesó a varios periodistas que había sido él personalmente quien ordenó que no se brindara información sobre una epidemia de dengue en la zona oriental de Cuba."
From: Cuba combate el cólera en silencio
Fernando Ravsberg
La Habana
Martes, 10 de julio de 2012
Written by: josean, 14 Jul 2012 2:10 PM
From: United States, Fighting the Dictatorship of the Narco PLD Mafia; Guillermo Moreno President 2016
You claim to live in New York, (where the PLD lost) and you can't translate a simple article to English , at least once in while!
Written by: Rainman, 14 Jul 2012 7:54 PM
From: United States
Josean:
The so called embargo is a non existent excuse for the Castros to keep the Cuban people oppressed, they need a reason to maintain their grip on the country. First Cuba is free to commerce with any country in the world you know why they don't? because they dont pay their debts so no other country is willing to extent credit to the Cuban government.
Just for your information .......
Written by: josean, 14 Jul 2012 8:50 PM
From: United States, Fighting the Dictatorship of the Narco PLD Mafia; Guillermo Moreno President 2016
"The so called embargo is a non existent excuse for the Castros to keep the Cuban people oppressed"
So then you are in favor of lifting it?
Written by: Atabey, 15 Jul 2012 1:47 PM
From: United States, NYC
".. In the country (Cuba) there are problems with garbage collection, leaks in the aqueducts that contaminate drinking water and sewage everywhere with no leaks.
This multiplied by a tropical and humid climate, which is an excellent breeding ground for microorganisms. "
"While the official information indicates that" different germs have been identified and indicating the diagnosis of Vibrio cholerae "in 85 of them, government critics wonder why the information of the disease is called a dropper.
This is Not the first time limited details about an outbreak has occurred. In the 90, then Vice President Carlos Lage admitted to journalists that it was he who personally ordered not giving information about an epidemic of dengue in eastern Cuba. " (Josean, if you believe this decision wasn't taken by the central committee, go back to your lessons on Leninism.)
From: Cuba silent combat cholera
Fernando Ravsberg
Havana
Tuesday, July 10, 2012
Written by: josean, 15 Jul 2012 2:17 PM
From: United States, Fighting the Dictatorship of the Narco PLD Mafia; Guillermo Moreno President 2016
Is this you’re feeble, as usual, extraordinarily wordy, out of context attempt to say Cuba's Health Care System is worse than DR's?
Written by: Rainman, 15 Jul 2012 6:55 PM
From: United States
Yes Josean I am all in favor of lifting the embargo to see how much time could the Castro's remain in power once they loose the excuse to oppress the people and once they dont have anyone to blame for the situation in Cuba.
I like to see how are they going to justify staying in power and I dare them to let the cubans experience free enterprise to see how long they last in power.
Written by: Atabey, 16 Jul 2012 3:45 PM
From: United States, NYC
Rainman,
Just ask if El Hippojosa has EVER visited Cubita.
Written by: josean, 16 Jul 2012 3:51 PM
From: United States, Fighting the Dictatorship of the Narco PLD Mafia; Guillermo Moreno President 2016
"Written by: Rainman, 15 Jul 2012 6:55 PM
From: United States
Yes Josean I am all in favor of lifting the embargo to see how much time could the Castro's remain in power once they loose the excuse to oppress the people and once they dont have anyone to blame for the situation in Cuba.
I like to see how are they going to justify staying in power and I dare them to let the cubans experience free enterprise to see how long they last in power."
I agree, but remember what happen when Nixon opened relations with China; now they own us to a large extent and the Chinese Communist Party is still in power!!
Written by: josean, 17 Jul 2012 7:37 AM
From: United States, Fighting the Dictatorship of the Narco PLD Mafia; Guillermo Moreno President 2016
"El_marido_de_Josean" Join Date: 16 July 2012, 8:22 AM
Another josean obsessed IDIOT using a valuable computer that they should donate to a needy Dominican Student!
Written by: Atabey, 17 Jul 2012 10:00 AM
From: United States, NYC
Hippojosa,
Now you're going to get your main squeeze dready angry. Does he know you're two timing him? Oh my, be careful tonight old girl.
Written by: Atabey, 19 Jul 2012 8:42 AM
From: United States, NYC
"El problema es que Cuba lo financia con el presupuesto de la Salud Pública y allí las cosas no andan tan bien como para tirar manteca al techo. Los hospitales sufren de una escasez crónica producto de la falta de dinero, la dilapidación de los recursos y la corrupción.
En este mismo momento el director de un importante hospital de la capital y decenas de sus subalternos están presos por montarse "el negocio por cuenta propia" pero con los recursos del Estado, cobrando por servicios que incluían desde abortos hasta cirugía estética.
El asunto no debería sorprender a nadie porque toda la clase política tiene alguna parienta o amiga que se ha hecho una liposucción o puesto implantes mamarios. Hasta la Aduana -tan estricta para otras cosas- deja pasar las prótesis sin cobrar aranceles.
Viendo cómo queda la silicona se puede pensar que vale la pena, pero seguramente no cree lo mismo el enfermo que espera por un salón quirúrgico mientras las chicas de la farándula y las amantes
Written by: Atabey, 19 Jul 2012 8:43 AM
From: United States, NYC
Viendo cómo queda la silicona se puede pensar que vale la pena, pero seguramente no cree lo mismo el enfermo que espera por un salón quirúrgico mientras las chicas de la farándula y las amantes de la gente importante se quitan barriga para volver a usar bikini.
Parece que en la Salud Pública no bastará un simple "ajuste del modelo", en realidad necesita una reforma de fondo que termine con las construcciones inútiles, la compra de equipos inservibles, el robo de los alimentos, el mercado negro de medicinas y la corrupción."
From BBC:
Los retos de la Salud
Fernando Ravsberg | 2012-07-19, 12:32
Josa,
Some more notes from the underground. But please go to Cubita and find out for yourself-If you dare :)
Written by: josean, 19 Jul 2012 12:32 PM
From: United States, Fighting the Dictatorship of the Narco PLD Mafia; Guillermo Moreno President 2016
The "ABOVEBOARD” question still remains:
"Is this you’re feeble, as usual, extraordinarily wordy, out of context attempt to say Cuba's Health Care System is worse than DR's?"
A simple YES or NO will suffice, it’s not rocket science!
Written by: Atabey, 19 Jul 2012 2:06 PM
From: United States, NYC
"En este mismo momento el director de un importante hospital de la capital y decenas de sus subalternos están presos por montarse "el negocio por cuenta propia" pero con los recursos del Estado, cobrando por servicios que incluían desde abortos hasta cirugía estética.
Viendo cómo queda la silicona se puede pensar que vale la pena, pero seguramente no cree lo mismo el enfermo que espera por un salón quirúrgico mientras las chicas de la farándula y las amantes de la gente importante se quitan barriga para volver a usar bikini.
Parece que en la Salud Pública no bastará un simple "ajuste del modelo", en realidad necesita una reforma de fondo que termine con las construcciones inútiles, la compra de equipos inservibles, el robo de los alimentos, el mercado negro de medicinas y la corrupción."
Words from someone who is Cuban and has lived the REAL EXPERIENCE.
Why don't you just go visit?
Written by: Atabey, 19 Jul 2012 2:07 PM
From: United States, NYC
Hippojosa,
Go get that belly tuck in Cuba so you can wear your bikini again. Dready might even enjoy you again. LOL
Written by: josean, 19 Jul 2012 4:04 PM
From: United States, Fighting the Dictatorship of the Narco PLD Mafia; Guillermo Moreno President 2016
I knew you couldn’t answer the SIMPLE question, SABELOTODO!
Written by: Atabey, 19 Jul 2012 9:50 PM
From: United States, NYC
Please direct me to where I stated it was worse?
Try and answer that basic question.
And my question still remains unanswered: Ever visited Cuba? Ever talk to a real Cuban on the island, living the REAL DEAL?
Written by: josean, 20 Jul 2012 6:03 AM
From: United States, Fighting the Dictatorship of the Narco PLD Mafia; Guillermo Moreno President 2016
Please direct me to where I stated it was worse?
Sort of a Backpedaling defensive answer!
Written by: Atabey, 20 Jul 2012 10:43 AM
From: United States, NYC
What's up Hippojosa, can't grow a pair? Where's your evidence??
Answer the question: when have you been to Cuba?
Written by: josean, 20 Jul 2012 11:17 AM
From: United States, Fighting the Dictatorship of the Narco PLD Mafia; Guillermo Moreno President 2016
I can't even find Cuba on the world map with my functional illiterate level of education, which you lose no opportunity to point out!
But you on the other hand nearly a step away from a Noble Peace Prize for KNOWING EVERYTHING can surely answer a little simple question:
Which health care system is worse Cuba’s or DR?
Written by: Atabey, 20 Jul 2012 3:45 PM
From: United States, NYC
Again, trying to extricate yourself from a tight position. LOL
Where is your proof that I EVER said Cuba's health system was inferior to DR's?
Search and search you may attempt, but Nada will you find. LOL
It might, I say MIGHT, help you to understand the Cuban health system and its long history IF, IF, IF you actually read from the web-site I suggested to you above.
Cuba's health system, just in case you didn't know, was FAR BETTER than the DR's BEFORE the Revolution of 1959!
Grow a pair and state your mea culpa.
Once Again: when did you last visit the island of Cuba?
Written by: josean, 20 Jul 2012 4:41 PM
From: United States, Fighting the Dictatorship of the Narco PLD Mafia; Guillermo Moreno President 2016
"Cuba's health system, just in case you didn't know, was FAR BETTER than the DR's BEFORE the Revolution of 1959!"
And what about after?
Better or worse than DR's?
Come On your almost there Deep Waters!
Written by: NYGuy35, 21 Jul 2012 9:54 AM
From: United States
Josean DR is a corrupt country. The 0.5% will steal all the wealth. You will not be able to stop that entirely but you can reform your government by implementing a US style justice system, changing your constitution to address the rights of man, and dismantle the syndicates you have for every industry.
Written by: josean, 23 Jul 2012 12:31 PM
From: United States, Fighting the Dictatorship of the Narco PLD Mafia; Guillermo Moreno President 2016
Now Atabey it seems you are at odds even with your Gurus at FUNGLODE and they are in line with josean, go figure!
"Study reveals Primary Health in the Dominican Republic is weak"
"SANTO DOMINGO.-The social response to the Dominican health profile, characterized by high rates of maternal and infant mortality and preventable diseases present, has been a model of care with an inequitable access to services and protection of health, mainly to the poorest and most vulnerable people, with mayor probability getting sick and dying."
"So says a research published by the Dominican Political Observatory (OPD), by the Global Foundation for Democracy and Development (FUNGLODE), that outlined the advances, controversies and challenges of Primary health care in the Dominican Republic, and that in addition, list recommendations from international agencies in the field of public health."
almomento.net/articulo/114525/Estudio-revela-salud-primaria-RD-es-debil
Written by: Atabey, 23 Jul 2012 7:04 PM
From: United States, NYC
You don't appear to get it: It's about CUBA and how her health care system has dropped in quality and performance; it's not about the DR.
But what can one expect from an idiot like you.
Written by: josean, 23 Jul 2012 7:34 PM
From: United States, Fighting the Dictatorship of the Narco PLD Mafia; Guillermo Moreno President 2016
Don get mad and insulting just answer the question Mr. Know it ALL!
Written by: josean, 24 Jul 2012 7:39 AM
From: United States, Fighting the Dictatorship of the Narco PLD Mafia; Guillermo Moreno President 2016
Let's go to the video tape as Waner Wolf would say!
Here are the things Atabey doesn’t want the world to see about the Narco-PURPLE Health care system administered by the PLD MAFIA and Lie-onel Fernandez!
“Security at Robert Reid Cabral assaults SIN news team while investigating complaint”
“SANTO DOMINGO, Dominican Republic- The Security Staff of the children's Hospital Robert Reid Cabral attacked a SIN news team, in front of children and mothers in the hospital’s emergency room.”
“The employee of the medical facility with shotgun in hand expelled the press team in moments in which they investigated a complaint about a infant, which according to family members, is in serious condition and was being denied assistance.”
Watch the VIEDO and read the rest at:
noticiassin.com/2012/07/seguridad-del-robert-reid-cabral-agrede-equipo-de-noticias-sin-que-investigaba-denuncia/
Written by: PapaD0c, 11 Aug 2012 12:36 PM
From: Haiti
Thank you haiti.
From: Canada
@Papadoc
Thanks to your d0minican mthr for last night
She SHINES good
She drank it all
Not a SPEC was left
Written by: PapaD0c, 11 Aug 2012 2:31 PM
From: Haiti
Are you into "necrophilia"?
From: Canada
@Papad0c
Are
You
into
PED............ Ph......... Ilia ?
MWA hahahahahahahaahahahaha
Written by: PapaD0c, 12 Aug 2012 11:38 AM
From: Haiti
I was,back then when I was in power of our beloved haiti.
From: Canada
@Papadoc
Zzzzzz
Zzzzz
Zzzz
Zzz
Zz
Z
You just confirmed it
Señor "m0r0n0 "
You
...........
1
D
1
0
T
Written by: PapaD0c, 12 Aug 2012 1:25 PM
From: Haiti
Why thank you,my child...proud to be haitian!
Cuban cholera outbreak reaches Havana
The BBC has learned that a patient has been diagnosed with cholera in the Cuban capital, Havana, days after three people died in a rare outbreak in the south-eastern town of Manzanillo.
More than 50 people were infected and about 1,000 have received medical attention.
The authorities say the outbreak is under control but four hospitals are prepared to isolate patients.
They say people became ill after drinking water from contaminated wells.
But it is not clear what the source of the cholera is.
Haiti link
Most of the cases were in Cuba's south-eastern Granma province, more than 750km (470 miles) from Havana.
Hundreds of medical professionals from that area, including nurses, have worked and continue to work with patients in Haiti, where tens of thousands of people were infected after a devastating earthquake in 2010.
But the BBC's Sarah Rainsford says that for over a week doc
But the BBC's Sarah Rainsford says that for over a week doctors in Havana have been doing the rounds of their patients, checking for symptoms of cholera.
The infirm, elderly and pregnant have been prioritised.
Now tests on a 60-year-old woman, admitted to hospital on Wednesday, have confirmed that she has the disease.
As she was diagnosed early, doctors say she is in a stable condition.
Health officials said they had "all the necessary resources to provide adequate attention to patients."
They said they had taken a series of measures, including taking samples of water and adding chlorine to purify it, to combat the outbreak.
Cholera is a bacterial infection that can cause severe diarrhoea and dehydration.
The Health Ministry said the last reported cholera outbreak on the island was soon after the 1959 Revolution.
Let the Cubans worry about the Cubans they have an excellent well organized health care system!
This OUR concern!
7 July 2012
"Dominican Republic falls behind in vaccinations"
"Countries of Central America that are below the Dominican Republic economically of were ahead in coverage"
Another example of how the PURPLE Economic Miracle workers have failed to distribute fundamental health care to the Dominican Masses while building, YOU GO IT, a USELESS METRO!!
Written by: ALTAGRACIA ORTIZ
The President of the Latin American Pediatric Infectology believes that Dominican Republic is behind in regard to vaccination and that you must upgrade the number of immunizations that save lives.
continued:
Doctor José Brea Castle said the country was delayed to protect the population of rotavirus that cause vomiting and diarrhea, a vaccine that will save thousands of children. The President of the Latin American of Infectology Pediatric, doctor José Brea Castle, yesterday warned the authorities that the Dominican Republic is delayed in immunization and coverage.
However, he valued that the country has decided, without any study, in favor of the vaccine against rotavirus, a biological that has save thousands of children from death, to form part of the Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI).
The pediatrician, who now heads the international entity, said it was regrettable that Central American countries with economic values below the Dominican Republic, introduced this vaccine at least three years ahead of the Dominicans.
continued:
"We must be self-critical and admit that we are BEHIND, but we also need the country to expand the amount of vaccines that save lives in children", said Brea del Castillo.
He insisted that although the country has come late to introduce rotavirus vaccine, that fact will impact greatly morbidity and mortality in children under five.
Another impact will be on the decline in queries and hospital admissions.
Currently, authorities reported up to 91% on vaccination coverage, but experts reckon that it is difficult to establish the real coverage.
However, at the international level it is estimated that the country has does not have good vaccination coverage among children.
It was considered important to review actual vaccination coverage, to get a plan and in this way to improve what exists.
The country has coverage of diseases of highest incidence and mortality, such as the pentavalent, covering at least five diseases.
continued:
In the country it is necessary to increase the coverage and the amount of vaccines for diseases; he spoke of the case of the pneumococcus, a condition that creates the meningitis and otitis media.
Most countries have similar quantities in the public sector that are managed in the private sector, he noted.
hoy.com.do/el-pais/2012/7/7/436011/RD-se-atrasa-en-aplicar-proteccion-de-vacunas
I guess the only thing we have falling behind on is CORRUPTION!
you are such an ignorant regarding Cuba.
Do you know the last time there was Cholera in Cuba was in the 1800's ? Do you know there are two different health care systems in the island one for the people and one for the tourist and political elite. Do you know the doctors give you a prescription and you cant fill them in the local pharmacy but you can go to one that you pay in dollars and you may be able to get the medicine?
Do you know that the government sells the medicine donated to them by the international NGOs?
You are defending a system that is oppressive, unfair and not as you want people to see it. Get informed or just try living as a typical cuban for a month with only $20.00 and then tell me how good a system is .
The cure for all these Dominican leftist is a long "vacation" in the Socialist paradise. Let them live as Cubans do for a year or two, and all their so-called leftist credentials will be long gone before they come back home.
Josean has no practical understanding of what goes on in Cuba. Es un Comunista de patio. LOL
Josean where do you come off saying that Cuba has a well organized health system?
Compared to the Dominican System which was my point to Sabelo-odo Atabey Absolutely!!
Facts are terrible things especially to those that have agendas or want to distort the reality!
The Cuban government operates a national health system and assumes fiscal and administrative responsibility for the health care of all its citizens. There are no private hospitals or clinics as all health services are government-run. The present Minister for Public Health is Roberto Morales Ojeda.
continued:
An overall improvement in terms of disease and infant mortality rates was observed in the 1960s. AIDS is only one-sixth as common on a per-capita basis as in the United States. Like the rest of the Cuban economy, Cuban medical care suffered following the end of Soviet subsidies in 1991; the stepping up of the US embargo against Cuba at this time also had an effect. Cuba has one of the highest life expectancy rates in the region, with the average citizen living to 77.7 years old (in comparison to the United States' 77.4 years).
In 2007, Cuba announced that it has undertaken computerizing and creating national networks in Blood Banks, Nephrology and Medical Images.
CUBA IS THE SECOND COUNTRY IN THE WORLD WITH SUCH A PRODUCT, ONLY PRECEDED BY FRANCE.
continued:
Cuba is preparing a Computerized Health Register, Hospital Management System, Primary Health Care, Academic Affairs, Medical Genetic Projects, Neurosciences, and Educational Software. The aim is to maintain quality health service free for the Cuban people, increase exchange among experts and boost research-development projects. An important link in wiring process is to guarantee access to Cuba's Data Transmission Network and Health Website (INFOMED) to all units and workers of the national health system.
Wikipedia.com.org
Cuba
Total population 11,204,000
Gross national income per capita (PPP international $) not available
Life expectancy at birth m/f (years) 76/80
Probability of dying under five (per 1 000 live births) 6
Probability of dying between 15 and 60 years m/f (per 1 000 population) 120/78
Total expenditure on health per capita (Intl $, 2009) 503
Total expenditure on health as % of GDP (2009) 11.8
continued:
Dominican Republic
Total population 10,090,000
Gross national income per capita (PPP international $) 7,800
Life expectancy at birth m/f (years) 71/72
Probability of dying under five (per 1 000 live births) 32
Probability of dying between 15 and 60 years m/f (per 1 000 population) 172/149
Total expenditure on health per capita (Intl $, 2009) 495
Total expenditure on health as % of GDP (2009) 5.9
who.int/countries/cub/en/
Facts have no ideology other than those that are Rectally Produced or Distorted by Atabey!
Sir,
I am Dominican and the biggest problem we have is not recognizing our deficiencies and becoming defense when one of our own or God Forbid (just an expresion Roy) others point them out. Many of my countrymen and women prefer to have the heads buried in the sands of narrow nationalism not realizing that the first step to solving a problem is to recognize you have one.
To go it jingoistic flag waving and say everything is fine or we are doing better because others are doing worse is regressive and leads to a FOOL’S progress.
I agree my country is a beautiful (thank you for that) with EXTREMELY UGLY rulers!
FINLAY ALBARRAN
MEDICAL INSTITUTE
Health and Health Care In Cuba:
The Transition from Socialism to the Future
Antonio Maria de Gordon
Executive Summary
Introduction and Historical Background
The Cuban health system
Health care priorities during the transition.
Notes and References
Josean is a terrible source of information. Josean, why don't you take a vacation to your paradise of socialism? Say a good two years living in the comfort of the average Cuban should open up your eyes. LOL
Give my Thanks to the Hatian People!
Now if only we Fired him as Well!
When was the last time you visited Cuba? When was the last time you met a real cuban the ones that are not part of the political elite? The ones that have to actually use the so called free health system? You have no idea about Cuba and its people you are just repeating what you are fed by the regime's propaganda machine but you have absolutely no idea what you are talking about.
I have NEWS for you, we are ALL FED by the diffrent "regime's propaganda machines," this difference is how we choose to digest it!
BREAKINGNEWS……………………………
The Cuban Embargo is on its Death Bed!
“The first direct goods shipped in 50 years Arrived in Havana from Miami”
Read the rest at:
Llegó a La Habana primer barco de mercancías directo desde Miami en 50 años
Noticiassin.com/2012/07/llego-a-la-habana-primer-barco-de-mercancias-directo-desde-miami-en-50-anos/
Las autoridades cubanas reconocen casi el triple de casos de cólera
Redacción
BBC Mundo
Hace 46 min
Muchos médicos cubanos trabajaron contra el cólera en Haití.
El gobierno cubano admitió la existencia de 158 casos de cólera en la isla, casi tres veces más que la anterior cifra oficial.
En una nota informativa divulgada por el Ministerio de Salud Pública a través del diario oficialista Granma, se aseguró que "hasta el momento, existen un total de 158 personas que a partir de la valoración clínica, epidemiológica y por cultivo de laboratorio, se le ha confirmado la presencia del Vibrio Cholerae O1 Tor enterotoxigénico, serotipo Ogawa".
Cuba combate el cólera en silencio
Informar en tiempos del cólera
En el mismo comunicado, las autoridades señalan que "no han ocurrido nuevos fallecidos, manteniéndose la cifra de tres adultos como se había informado".
Las autoridades señalan que el brote está disminuyendo, aunque indican que se diagnosticaron casos fuer
Las autoridades señalan que el brote está disminuyendo, aunque indican que se diagnosticaron casos fuera de Manzanillo, lugar de origen del brote.
Casos en otros lugares
"Como resultado del sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica sobre enfermedades diarreicas agudas propias del verano, se han diagnosticado casos aislados en otras regiones del país, de personas que se infectaron en Manzanillo"
Ministerio de Salud Pública de Cuba
"Como resultado del sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica sobre enfermedades diarreicas agudas propias del verano, se han diagnosticado casos aislados en otras regiones del país, de personas que se infectaron en Manzanillo", apunta el comunicado.
El asesor de la OPS en Cuba, Jorge Hadad, dijo recientemente a BBC Mundo que La Habana no ha solicitado asistencia para combatir la enfermedad y agregó que a su juicio el país "tiene la formación técnica, la experiencia y los recursos para combatirlo".
Según el especialista, entrevistado por el corresponsal de BBC Mundo en La Habana, Fernando Ravsberg, el cólera podría haber llegado "desde Haití, República Dominicana o África, lugares desde donde hay gran trasiego de viajeros". Sin embargo, afirma que es necesario estudiar cómo se contaminaron entonces las fuentes de agua.
La última epidemia de la enfermedad en la isla se remonta a fines del Siglo XIX."
As you can see, the Cuban authorities HAVE FINALLY come around to admitting that the problem was real and had spread beyond the infection point near Manzanillo, Cuba. Of course, the Cubans are trying to distance themselves from being the responsible party alleging without scientific basis that the Cholera was either transmitted to Cuba from Haiti, DR or the continent of Africa. Could the terrible state of infrastructure and poor water maintenance in Cuba have anything to do with the development of Cholera in Cuba?
".. en el país (Cuba) hay problemas con la recogida de la basura, las filtraciones en los acueductos que contaminan el agua potable y por doquier hay cloacas con salideros.
Todo esto multiplicado por un clima tropical y húmedo, que es un excelente caldo de cultivo para microorganismos."
"Mientras la información oficial indica que "han sido identificados diferentes gérmenes, precisándose el diagnóstico del Vibrio Cholerae" en 85 de ellos, los críticos al gobierno se preguntan por qué la información de la enfermedad se conoce a cuentagotas.
No es la primera vez que se limitan los detalles con respecto a un brote. En los años 90, el entonces vicepresidente Carlos Lage confesó a varios periodistas que había sido él personalmente quien ordenó que no se brindara información sobre una epidemia de dengue en la zona oriental de Cuba."
From: Cuba combate el cólera en silencio
Fernando Ravsberg
La Habana
Martes, 10 de julio de 2012
You claim to live in New York, (where the PLD lost) and you can't translate a simple article to English , at least once in while!
The so called embargo is a non existent excuse for the Castros to keep the Cuban people oppressed, they need a reason to maintain their grip on the country. First Cuba is free to commerce with any country in the world you know why they don't? because they dont pay their debts so no other country is willing to extent credit to the Cuban government.
Just for your information .......
"The so called embargo is a non existent excuse for the Castros to keep the Cuban people oppressed"
So then you are in favor of lifting it?
".. In the country (Cuba) there are problems with garbage collection, leaks in the aqueducts that contaminate drinking water and sewage everywhere with no leaks.
This multiplied by a tropical and humid climate, which is an excellent breeding ground for microorganisms. "
"While the official information indicates that" different germs have been identified and indicating the diagnosis of Vibrio cholerae "in 85 of them, government critics wonder why the information of the disease is called a dropper.
This is Not the first time limited details about an outbreak has occurred. In the 90, then Vice President Carlos Lage admitted to journalists that it was he who personally ordered not giving information about an epidemic of dengue in eastern Cuba. " (Josean, if you believe this decision wasn't taken by the central committee, go back to your lessons on Leninism.)
From: Cuba silent combat cholera
Fernando Ravsberg
Havana
Tuesday, July 10, 2012
Is this you’re feeble, as usual, extraordinarily wordy, out of context attempt to say Cuba's Health Care System is worse than DR's?
I like to see how are they going to justify staying in power and I dare them to let the cubans experience free enterprise to see how long they last in power.
Just ask if El Hippojosa has EVER visited Cubita.
"Written by: Rainman, 15 Jul 2012 6:55 PM
From: United States
Yes Josean I am all in favor of lifting the embargo to see how much time could the Castro's remain in power once they loose the excuse to oppress the people and once they dont have anyone to blame for the situation in Cuba.
I like to see how are they going to justify staying in power and I dare them to let the cubans experience free enterprise to see how long they last in power."
I agree, but remember what happen when Nixon opened relations with China; now they own us to a large extent and the Chinese Communist Party is still in power!!
"El_marido_de_Josean" Join Date: 16 July 2012, 8:22 AM
Another josean obsessed IDIOT using a valuable computer that they should donate to a needy Dominican Student!
Hippojosa,
Now you're going to get your main squeeze dready angry. Does he know you're two timing him? Oh my, be careful tonight old girl.
"El problema es que Cuba lo financia con el presupuesto de la Salud Pública y allí las cosas no andan tan bien como para tirar manteca al techo. Los hospitales sufren de una escasez crónica producto de la falta de dinero, la dilapidación de los recursos y la corrupción.
En este mismo momento el director de un importante hospital de la capital y decenas de sus subalternos están presos por montarse "el negocio por cuenta propia" pero con los recursos del Estado, cobrando por servicios que incluían desde abortos hasta cirugía estética.
El asunto no debería sorprender a nadie porque toda la clase política tiene alguna parienta o amiga que se ha hecho una liposucción o puesto implantes mamarios. Hasta la Aduana -tan estricta para otras cosas- deja pasar las prótesis sin cobrar aranceles.
Viendo cómo queda la silicona se puede pensar que vale la pena, pero seguramente no cree lo mismo el enfermo que espera por un salón quirúrgico mientras las chicas de la farándula y las amantes
Viendo cómo queda la silicona se puede pensar que vale la pena, pero seguramente no cree lo mismo el enfermo que espera por un salón quirúrgico mientras las chicas de la farándula y las amantes de la gente importante se quitan barriga para volver a usar bikini.
Parece que en la Salud Pública no bastará un simple "ajuste del modelo", en realidad necesita una reforma de fondo que termine con las construcciones inútiles, la compra de equipos inservibles, el robo de los alimentos, el mercado negro de medicinas y la corrupción."
From BBC:
Los retos de la Salud
Fernando Ravsberg | 2012-07-19, 12:32
Josa,
Some more notes from the underground. But please go to Cubita and find out for yourself-If you dare :)
The "ABOVEBOARD” question still remains:
"Is this you’re feeble, as usual, extraordinarily wordy, out of context attempt to say Cuba's Health Care System is worse than DR's?"
A simple YES or NO will suffice, it’s not rocket science!
Viendo cómo queda la silicona se puede pensar que vale la pena, pero seguramente no cree lo mismo el enfermo que espera por un salón quirúrgico mientras las chicas de la farándula y las amantes de la gente importante se quitan barriga para volver a usar bikini.
Parece que en la Salud Pública no bastará un simple "ajuste del modelo", en realidad necesita una reforma de fondo que termine con las construcciones inútiles, la compra de equipos inservibles, el robo de los alimentos, el mercado negro de medicinas y la corrupción."
Words from someone who is Cuban and has lived the REAL EXPERIENCE.
Why don't you just go visit?
Hippojosa,
Go get that belly tuck in Cuba so you can wear your bikini again. Dready might even enjoy you again. LOL
I knew you couldn’t answer the SIMPLE question, SABELOTODO!
Please direct me to where I stated it was worse?
Try and answer that basic question.
And my question still remains unanswered: Ever visited Cuba? Ever talk to a real Cuban on the island, living the REAL DEAL?
Please direct me to where I stated it was worse?
Sort of a Backpedaling defensive answer!
What's up Hippojosa, can't grow a pair? Where's your evidence??
Answer the question: when have you been to Cuba?
I can't even find Cuba on the world map with my functional illiterate level of education, which you lose no opportunity to point out!
But you on the other hand nearly a step away from a Noble Peace Prize for KNOWING EVERYTHING can surely answer a little simple question:
Which health care system is worse Cuba’s or DR?
Where is your proof that I EVER said Cuba's health system was inferior to DR's?
Search and search you may attempt, but Nada will you find. LOL
It might, I say MIGHT, help you to understand the Cuban health system and its long history IF, IF, IF you actually read from the web-site I suggested to you above.
Cuba's health system, just in case you didn't know, was FAR BETTER than the DR's BEFORE the Revolution of 1959!
Grow a pair and state your mea culpa.
Once Again: when did you last visit the island of Cuba?
"Cuba's health system, just in case you didn't know, was FAR BETTER than the DR's BEFORE the Revolution of 1959!"
And what about after?
Better or worse than DR's?
Come On your almost there Deep Waters!
Now Atabey it seems you are at odds even with your Gurus at FUNGLODE and they are in line with josean, go figure!
"Study reveals Primary Health in the Dominican Republic is weak"
"SANTO DOMINGO.-The social response to the Dominican health profile, characterized by high rates of maternal and infant mortality and preventable diseases present, has been a model of care with an inequitable access to services and protection of health, mainly to the poorest and most vulnerable people, with mayor probability getting sick and dying."
"So says a research published by the Dominican Political Observatory (OPD), by the Global Foundation for Democracy and Development (FUNGLODE), that outlined the advances, controversies and challenges of Primary health care in the Dominican Republic, and that in addition, list recommendations from international agencies in the field of public health."
almomento.net/articulo/114525/Estudio-revela-salud-primaria-RD-es-debil
You don't appear to get it: It's about CUBA and how her health care system has dropped in quality and performance; it's not about the DR.
But what can one expect from an idiot like you.
Don get mad and insulting just answer the question Mr. Know it ALL!
Let's go to the video tape as Waner Wolf would say!
Here are the things Atabey doesn’t want the world to see about the Narco-PURPLE Health care system administered by the PLD MAFIA and Lie-onel Fernandez!
“Security at Robert Reid Cabral assaults SIN news team while investigating complaint”
“SANTO DOMINGO, Dominican Republic- The Security Staff of the children's Hospital Robert Reid Cabral attacked a SIN news team, in front of children and mothers in the hospital’s emergency room.”
“The employee of the medical facility with shotgun in hand expelled the press team in moments in which they investigated a complaint about a infant, which according to family members, is in serious condition and was being denied assistance.”
Watch the VIEDO and read the rest at:
noticiassin.com/2012/07/seguridad-del-robert-reid-cabral-agrede-equipo-de-noticias-sin-que-investigaba-denuncia/
@Papadoc
Thanks to your d0minican mthr for last night
She SHINES good
She drank it all
Not a SPEC was left
@Papad0c
Are
You
into
PED............ Ph......... Ilia ?
MWA hahahahahahahaahahahaha
Zzzzzz
Zzzzz
Zzzz
Zzz
Zz
Z
You just confirmed it
Señor "m0r0n0 "
You
...........
1
D
1
0
T